Rodent Carcingogenicity

Carcinogenicity is a toxicity that causes cancer in body. Generally carcinogenicity test requires long time (usually 2 years), currently only in vivo test methods are established. Usually the test uses mice or rats, exposing them to a compound. And the variable to be observed is existence of cancer. PreADMET predicts the result from its model, which is built from the data of NTP (National Toxicology Program) and US FDA, which are the results of the in vivo carcinogenicity tests of mice and rats for 2 years.

Type NTP Definition Description
negative Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity negative prediction
positive No evidence of carcinogenic activity positive prediction

Ames test

Ames test is a simple method to test mutagenicity of a compound, which is suggested by Dr. Ames. It uses several strains of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium that carry mutations in genes involved in histidine synthesis, so that they require histidine for growth. The variable being tested is the mutagen’s ability to cause a reversion to growth on a histidine-free medium. [Bruce N. Ames, E. G. Gurney, James A. Miller, and H. Bartsch (1973). “Carcinogens as Frameshift Mutagens: Metabolites and Derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene and other Aromatic Amine Carcinogens”. PNAS 69: 3128-213]  [ Ames,B.N. et al. PNAS. 1972, 69, 3128. ]

 

PreADMET predicts toxicity to TA98, TA100 and TA1535 which are often used in Ames test. And the result can be calculated both with consideration of metabolite (Metabolic activation by rat liver 10% homogenate, +S9) and without consideration of metabolite. (No metabolic activation, -S9) The actual value of the prediction result is “positive” or “negative”.

Type

NTP Definition Description

negative

no change of population (vs. blank plate)

negative prediction

positive change of population, more than double of blank plate’s change

positive prediction

WDI-like rule

This measurement is based on compounds that have molecular properties within the 90 % upper bound found in the WDI (World Drug Index).

[ Brown,R.D. et al. ”Tools for designing diverse, drug-like, cost-effective combinatorial libraries”; in Combinatorial Library Design and Evaluation”, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 2001, 328. ]

Descriptors 90% cutoff Descriptors 90% cutoff
MW 550 Kappa-2A 12
Rotbond 13 Kappa-3A 8
Hbond acceptor 9 CHI-V-0 20
Hbond donor 5 CHI-V-1 12
AlogP 5 CHI-V-2 10
MolRef 120 CHI-V-3P 8
Balaban Jx 2.8 CHI-V-3C 2.2
PHI 8 Wiener 4000
Kappa-1A 25 Zabreb 175

Reactive functional group

Reactive functional group

Filtering by reactive functional group is the one of the important steps for the drug discovery. A compound with a reactive functional group is reactive in human body, and it has possibility to cause toxicity. Additionally, a compound with a reactive functional group leads to reaction during a process of an in vitro experiment, such as a case of HTS. This may results some serious error of activity for drug.

These compounds can be filtered off or removed, at the beginning of drug discovery. This filtering reduces probability of causing toxicity or error. PreADMET can find compounds with electrophilic functional group which tends to make a covalent bond with protein, causing false positive. And PreADMET also finds compounds with 3 prohibited functional groups that are extremely unusual in drug discovery. The number of both kinds of functional groups are 23 in total.

[ (1) Rishton,G.M. DDT. 1997, 2, 382. (2) Walters,W.P. et al. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002, 54, 255. ]